A Comprehensive Review of Additive Manufacturing Techniques, Process Parameters, and Industrial Applications

Additive Manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D printing, has emerged as a transformative technology in modern mechanical engineering. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of various AM techniques including Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Stereolithography (SLA), Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), and Electron Beam Melting (EBM). The paper critically examines the application of AM in aerospace, biomedical, automotive, and tooling industries. Key process parameters influencing mechanical properties such as layer thickness, infill density, build orientation, and material selection are discussed in detail. Recent advancements in multi-material printing, topology optimisation, and sustainability aspects are also reviewed. The paper concludes by identifying research gaps and future directions in AM technology