Small-scale farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria continue to face considerable production risks, and the extent to which socioeconomic drivers and preventive risk management strategies shape their resilience in maize–cassava inter-cropping systems remains insufficiently understood. This study examined socioeconomic drivers of preventive risk management and resilience in maize-cassava intercropping systems in Kwara State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 110 maize-cassava farmers through a multi-stage sampling technique and structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze socioeconomic characteristics, identify the sources of production risks, and the preventive management strategies adopted by maize-cassava, while the Multivariate Probit model estimated the factors influencing the preventive management strategies of maize-cassava small-scale farmers in the study area. The Multivariate Probit results reveal a significant positive relationship among adaptation strategies that farming experience was significant at(p≤0.01), education level at (p≤0.10) and off-farm income at (p ≤ 0.01). The findings suggest that farmers enhance their adaptive capacity by combining multiple strategies rather than relying on single practices. However, limited institutional and economic resources constrain optimal risk responses. The study concluded that building agricultural resilience requires integrated policy approaches that enhance farmers' knowledge, income diversification, and access to supportive services. Strengthening these factors will improve sustainable risk management and long-term agricultural productivity under climate variability.
OLOHUNGBEBE et al. (Thu,) studied this question.