What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to optimize the acoustic streaming field within bath-type sonoreactors by accounting for cavitation effects using a nonlinear model.

May 3, 2026

Simulation and optimization of acoustic streaming field in bath‐type sonoreactors considering cavitation attenuation

Key Points

This research aims to optimize the acoustic streaming field within bath-type sonoreactors by accounting for cavitation effects using a nonlinear model.
Developed a nonlinear model to simulate the 3D acoustic streaming field.
Conducted PIV experiments to validate numerical simulations.
Explored effects of drive power, reactor width, and liquid level on streaming and mixing efficiency.
Optimal flow achieved at 90 W power with 375 mm reactor width, enhancing lateral jet coverage.
Highest mixing intensity observed at liquid levels of 4–5 wavelengths in a 300 mm-wide reactor.
Combination of 90 W power, 6 wavelengths width, and 5 wavelengths liquid level yields the best flow performance.

Abstract

Abstract High‐intensity ultrasound induces significant acoustic flow in liquids, but cavitation‐caused attenuation alters its characteristics. Most existing studies use linear models neglecting bubble nonlinearity, causing discrepancies. This paper investigates a bath‐type sonoreactor with a nonlinear model accounting for cavitation. The 3D acoustic streaming field is reconstructed numerically. PIV experiments verify the results. Drive power is positively correlated with streaming intensity; optimal flow is at 90 W. Reactor width affects lateral jet coverage; 375 mm width at 90 W gives superior mixing. Liquid level modulates pressure gradient; best flow is at 4–5 wavelengths in a 300 mm‐wide reactor. The optimal parameter combo is 90 W, 6 wavelengths width, and 5 wavelengths level.

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