New power systems with penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) exhibit symmetry breaking in post-disturbance frequency, as nodal trajectories depend on disturbance location, network coupling, and heterogeneous frequency channels across synchronous generators (SGs), grid-forming (GFM) converters, and grid-following (GFL) converters with phase-locked loops (PLLs). As a consequence, relying only on aggregated center-of-inertia/center-of-frequency (COI) metrics can underestimate asymmetric local risks, including worst-node rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), worst-node nadir, and nodal frequency split. This paper proposes a disturbance location-aware coordination framework that explicitly models and balances heterogeneous active-power frequency support across the network using an electromechanical-scale state-space formulation. First, a heterogeneous nodal frequency response (HNFR) model yields an explicit state-space input–output mapping from location-specific active power disturbances to nodal frequency outputs for both electromechanical and PLL-estimated channels. Second, a reproducible signal processing protocol computes nodal RoCoF/nadir/split indices and enables large-scale location sweeping via atlas-ready matrices that are naturally parallelizable for high-performance computing. Third, a constrained allocation layer schedules heterogeneous fast frequency response subject to converter limits and finite energy constraints, supporting an atlas-based gain scheduling implementation. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed symmetry-aware design improves worst-node security and suppresses frequency split while maintaining comparable COI behavior. Under budget-matched conditions on the modified IEEE 39-bus system, the proposed allocation reduces worst-node RoCoF by 32.2% and maximum nodal frequency split by 17.8% relative to the COI-based benchmark.
Gao et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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