Since 2011, Syrian-Turkish relations have undergone a significant transformation, shifting from close cooperation to complex tensions and conflicts. In the years preceding the Syrian crisis, relations between the two countries were marked by openness and economic and security cooperation. Visas between them were waived, and trade and cultural relations flourished, with Turkey emerging as a major supporter of development and stability in Syria. However, with the outbreak of the Syrian crisis in 2011, the interests and political stances of the two states diverged, leading to a notable deterioration in relations,From the beginning, Turkey adopted a policy of supporting the Syrian opposition against President Bashar al-Assad’s regime, aiming to change the political system in Syria, which Turkey viewed as unstable and a threat to its security. Turkey provided support to armed opposition groups and hosted opposition political leaders, in addition to receiving Syrian refugees. At the same time, Turkey sensed the risk of Kurdish influence expanding in northern Syria, especially with the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) controlling vast areas with support from the United States. This prompted Turkey to intervene militarily in Syria through operations such as "Euphrates Shield," "Olive Branch," and "Peace Spring" to secure its borders and prevent the establishment of an independent Kurdish entity,This military intervention by Turkey, along with its support for the Syrian opposition, deepened its rift with the Syrian government and further complicated the Syrian scene. Over the years
Sara Jawad (Mon,) studied this question.