What question did this study set out to answer?

To propose a unified framework for understanding cosmic phenomena through fluid dynamics.

May 7, 2026Open Access

GF-HRPreprintᵥ2HubbleTensionKimHeerim₂026

Key Points

To propose a unified framework for understanding cosmic phenomena through fluid dynamics.
Derive governing equations from axioms of space as compressible fluid.
Utilize Navier‑Stokes equations to analyze cosmic structures.
Predict cosmic acceleration and Hubble tension resolution.
Gravity emerges as a Bernoulli low-pressure zone without dark matter.
Hubble tension resolved with predicted H0,local matching observations.
Reinterpretation of galaxy rotation curves without dark energy.

Abstract

Abstract. We propose GF‑HR Space Fluid Dynamics, a unified framework grounded in three axioms: (I) space is a compressible fluid with density ρs and dynamic viscosity µs; (II) atter is a cavitation vortex core torn from the space fluid; (III) c equals the maximum elastic propagation speed of the space fluid. From these axioms and the Navier‑Stokes quations we derive: (1) µs ≈ 1. 124×109 Pa · s via ¯h = µsVc; (2) m = 1/2 ρsVc (electron rest energy error < 0. 01%) ; (3) the GF‑HR governing equations (GF‑HR I and II) that reinterpret the N‑S blow‑up as mass creation; (4) gravity as a Bernoulli low‑pressure zone, recovering F = −GmM/r²; (5) galaxy rotation curve flattening without dark matter; (6) cosmic acceleration without dark energy; and (7) quantitative resolution of the Hubble tension: the space fluid elastic term predicts H0, local = √ (H0, CMB² + cₛ²) = √ (67. 4) ² + (28. 042) ² ≈ 73. 0 km s−1 Mpc−1, matching the Cepheid/SN Ia measurement exactly with no free parameters. The fine‑structure constant is derived as α = (re/a0) ² ≈ 7. 293 × 10^−3 (error< 0. 05%). All results follow from µs, ρs, Vc

GF-HRPreprintᵥ2HubbleTensionKimHeerim₂026

Key Points

Abstract

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