What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of a microbial-enhanced Bokashi system to convert longan waste into bio-fertilizer and assess its impact on soil health and fenugreek growth.

May 7, 2026Open Access

Microbial-Enhanced Peel and Seed Wastes of Dimocarpus longan Bokashi Fertilizers: Unlocking Soil Health and Bioactive Constituents in Trigonella foenum-graecum

Key Points

The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of a microbial-enhanced Bokashi system to convert longan waste into bio-fertilizer and assess its impact on soil health and fenugreek growth.
Modified Bokashi fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactococcus lactis, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris.
Application of fermented treatments (LP, LS, LP: LS) at 1% (w/v) to Trigonella foenum-graecum seedlings.
Analysis of soil nutrients, microbial activity, and physiological parameters of seedlings.
LS treatment yielded the highest nutrient concentrations with significant improvements in C/N ratios.
LP: LS treatment increased microbial activity, particularly fungal and bacterial populations.
Fenugreek showed enhanced chlorophyll, carbohydrates, protein content, and increased up-regulation of key biosynthetic genes.

Abstract

Abstract This study evaluates a modified Bokashi fermentation system utilizing a specific microbial consortium ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Lactococcus lactis , and Rhodopseudomonas palustris ) to bio-transform Dimocarpus longan (longan) fruit peels and seeds into bio-fertilizer. The fermentation stability was assessed via total organic matter (OM) and carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios. The resulting bio-compost teas, Longan Peel (LP), Longan Seed (LS), and a 1:1 mixture (LP: LS), were applied at 1% (w/v) to Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) in a pot experiment. The 15-day-old seedlings were collected for analysis. All fermented treatments significantly enriched soil nutrients and optimized the C/N ratio compared to the control. The LS treatment yielded the highest nutrient concentrations, while the LP: LS treatment resulted in the highest microbial activity, specifically increasing fungal counts (e.g., Aspergillus , Cladosporium , and Penicillium spp.) and bacterial/actinomycete populations. Physiologically, LP: LS-treated fenugreek exhibited the highest increases in chlorophyll pigments, carbohydrates, protein content, and secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids contents). Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis confirmed the up-regulation of key biosynthetic genes, including MVK , PAL , and FLS (polyphenolic/terpenoid pathways) and CHLH (chlorophyll biosynthesis). Oxidative stress, measured via malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, remained within control ranges, indicating no phytotoxicity. These data demonstrate that the S. cerevisiae , L. lactis , and R. palustris Bokashi system effectively stabilizes longan waste into a nutrient-rich bio-fertilizer. The up-regulation of metabolic genes and improved soil microbial profiles provide a technical basis for using this waste-to-resource strategy as a measurable alternative to synthetic chemical inputs in sustainable agriculture. Graphical Abstract

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Cite This Study

Ammar et al. (Tue,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69fc2c718b49bacb8b347f0b https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-026-03274-w

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