Researching links between pilgrimage tourism and rural development: The emergence of Fisterra as a “new end” of the way

This research examines whether promoting tourism along the emerging pilgrimage route to Fisterra-Muxía (Spain) can support rural socio-economic development and address demographic decline. It focuses on the recent increase in pilgrimage flows and concerns about route saturation. A triangulated methodological approach was employed, combining secondary data analysis, pilgrim surveys, and in-depth interviews with local stakeholders. Cluster analysis of survey responses identified four distinct traveler profiles— Traditional , Busgrim , Tourist , and Mystic —reflecting the coexistence of spiritual, recreational, and post-secular motivations. Results indicate a rise in tourism activity in recent years and generally positive perceptions of its impact among visitors and residents. However, this growth has not reversed the population decline in most municipalities along the route. The study provides actionable recommendations for regional planning, calling for integrated, year-round strategies that balance tourism growth with community resilience and ecological thresholds. Theoretically, it frames emerging pilgrimage routes as laboratories for testing sustainable development models in structurally vulnerable rural contexts. • This study explores how the Camino Fisterra-Muxía contributes to local socioeconomic development. • Pilgrims and local communities report favorable impacts of tourism, though these have not mitigated population loss. • The research employs triangulation, combining secondary data analysis, pilgrim surveys, and interviews with stakeholders. • Findings highlight the importance of managing visitor volume, improving infrastructure, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders. • The study provides a replicable framework for analyzing pilgrimage tourism's impact on rural areas globally.