The increasing frequency of extreme climate events challenges farmland nutrient management, yet single-year fertilization assessments fail to capture system adaptability. This study quantifies interannual changes in partial factor productivity (PFP) of rice, wheat, and rapeseed under contrasting climate years (typhoon–high temperature in 2024 vs. drought in 2025) using fixed-point monitoring data from 160 farming entities in the middle and lower Yangtze River, China. Fertilization rates, yields, and PFP were analyzed with paired t-tests and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Rice PFP increased significantly from 21.48 to 23.54 kg kg−1 (p < 0.001) as yields rebounded under normal climate, while wheat PFP dropped sharply from 16.50 to 12.89 kg kg−1 (p < 0.001) under drought, with farmers reducing fertilizer by only 1.1% despite a 22.7% yield loss. Rapeseed PFP remained persistently low (<7 kg kg−1) with no significant changes. Family farms and cooperatives achieved higher PFP than ordinary farmers (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that fertilizer use efficiency is highly climate-sensitive and that single-year assessments are misleading. We recommend a dynamic, climate-smart fertilization framework integrating disaster type, crop species, and site-specific thresholds (e.g., real-time weather monitoring to adjust topdressing timing).
Zhang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
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