Validity and Reproducibility of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Pregnant Finnish Women

The authors developed a self-administered 181-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess dietary intake during pregnancy for Finnish women from August 1995 to July 1996. In the validation study (n = 113), the data that were collected by using two 5-day food records completed during the eighth month of pregnancy were compared with FFQ data. The intake of foods and nutrients was higher as determined by FFQ than that assessed using food records. Pearson correlation coefficients for nutrients, after adjustment for energy, ranged from 0.19 (vitamin E) to 0.70 (thiamin) and, for foods, from 0.03 (high-fat milk) to 0.84 (low-fat milk). Energy adjustment improved the correlations for nutrients. Correction for attenuation improved correlations for both foods and nutrients. On average, 70% of the foods and 69% of the nutrients fell into the same or adjacent quintiles, according to the FFQ and the food record. In the reproducibility study, 111 women completed the FFQs twice at a 1-month interval. The intraclass correlation coefficients for nutrients ranged from 0.42 (ethanol) to 0.72 (sucrose, riboflavin, and calcium), and for foods, they ranged from 0.44 (ice cream) to 0.91 (coffee). The authors conclude that the FFQ has an acceptable reproducibility and represents a useful tool for categorizing pregnant women according to their dietary intake.