Spontaneous formation of multiple routes in individual desert ants (Cataglyphis velox)

Desert ants make use of various navigational techniques, including path integration and visual route following, to forageefficiently in their extremely hostile environment. Species-specific differences in navigation have been demonstrated, althoughit remains unknown if these divergences are caused by environmental adaptation. In this work, we report on the navigationalstrategies of the European ant Cataglyphis velox, which inhabits a visually cluttered environment similar to the Australian honeyant Melophorus bagoti, although it is more closely related to other North African Cataglyphis species. We show that C. velox learnvisually guided routes, and these are individual to each forager. Routes can be recalled in the absence of global path integrationinformation or when placed in conflict with this information. Individual C. velox foragers are also shown to learn multiple routesthrough their habitat. These routes are learned rapidly, stored in long-term memory, and recalled for guidance as appropriate.Desert ants have previously been shown to learn multiple routes in an experimental manipulation, but this is the first reportof such behavior emerging spontaneously. Learning multiple paths through the habitat over successive journeys providesa mechanism by which ants could memorize a series of interlaced courses, and thus perform complex navigation, withoutnecessarily having a map of the environment. Key words: Cataglyphis velox, desert ant, foraging, learning, navigation, route, visualnavigation. Behav Ecol