Navigating AI Integration in Career and Technical Education: Diffusion Challenges, Opportunities, and Decisions

This review paper explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in career and technical education (CTE). CTE is an educational domain often overlooked in discussions about teaching and learning and notably omitted in the extant literature about AI’s application in educational settings. Although much of the existing literature focuses on AI in K-12 and higher education, CTE faces distinct challenges and opportunities in both education and the application of AI because CTE programming is more hands-on and industry-connected. This paper, grounded in Diffusion of Innovations theory, examines AI tool adoption processes among CTE educators by analyzing both barriers and opportunities. Key findings suggest that while AI offers significant benefits, its adoption is hindered by systemic factors. This paper contributes to the literature by highlighting the importance of contextualizing AI adoption within the distinct pedagogical practices and industry partnerships of CTE. It emphasizes the need for targeted strategies that address CTE-specific challenges, including robust infrastructure, equitable resource distribution, and fostering a culture of innovation among educators. The implications of this work underscore AI’s potential to bridge the gap between education and workforce demands, positioning CTE programs as critical sites for preparing students for the next phase of workforce under Industry 5.0.