Plants are inevitably subjected to diverse abiotic stresses due to their sessile nature and consequently evolved robust adaptive mechanisms to endure the abiotic stresses. The abiotic stressors impair average yields by more than 50% in the world. The abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, high temperatures, and cold that limit growth distribution of plants and output by stifling the plant's genetic potential. This study discusses new insights into stress signal through sensors from the outside of the plant system, which trigger a signalling cascade and activate nuclear transcription factors to express the particular gene sets during signalling pathways. Moreover, phytohormone mediates the abiotic stress-responsive pathways and regulates other cell wall repair mechanisms, root hair formation, ionic homeostasis, chlorophyll contents and leaf morphology. This whole network ultimately promotes the tolerance mechanism at physiological, biochemical and molecular underpinnings of plant responses caused by abiotic stresses in crops. This review concludes that ongoing advancements in ML and DL present significant opportunities to enhance agricultural productivity, sustainability and explores the innovative imaging approaches to provide comprehensive insights into abiotic resistance mechanism at agricultural zone. This agricultural zone can transition toward more efficient, environmentally sustainable, and economically viable practices, contributing to global food security and environmental preservation. • Abiotic stresses trigger oxidative damage and complex plant signalling networks. • Phytohormones regulate plant tolerance via integrated molecular pathways. • Plants respond to abiotic stresses through, molecular, and genetic mechanisms. • AI-driven precision agriculture enhances stress detection and crop resilience.
Shah et al. (Fri,) studied this question.