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Because copper ions are both essential cofactors and cytotoxic agents, the net accumulation of this element in a cell must be carefully balanced. Depending upon the cellular copper status, copper ions must either be imported or ejected. CopA, the principal copper efflux ATPase in Escherichia coli, is induced by elevated copper in the medium, but the copper-sensing regulatory factor is unknown. Inspection of the copA promoter reveals signature elements of promoters controlled by metalloregulatory proteins in the MerR family. These same elements are also present upstream of yacK, which encodes a putative multi-copper oxidase. Homologues of YacK are found in copper resistance determinants that facilitate copper efflux. Here we show by targeted gene deletion and promoter fusion assays that both copA and yacK are regulated in a copper-responsive manner by the MerR homologue, ybbI. We have designated ybbI as cueR for the Cu efflux regulator. This represents the first example of a copper-responsive regulon on the E. coli chromosome and further extends the roles of MerR family members in prokaryotic stress response.
Outten et al. (Sun,) studied this question.