Gender representations in children's audiovisual material and the formation of gender identity in early childhood: A literature review

Abstract: This paper explores how gender is portrayed in children’s audiovisual media and how such portrayals shape the formation of gender identity during the preschool years. Drawing on poststructuralist and sociocultural perspectives, it emphasizes that gender identity emerges through ongoing social interactions, language use and culturally embedded norms. Audiovisual materials – including cartoons, television series and advertisements aimed at young audiences – operates as socializing agents that convey stereotypical depictions influencing children’s understandings of gender roles. The study synthesizes theoretical and empirical literature, highlights the educational value of critically unpacking stereotypes through critical literacy approaches and suggests pedagogical strategies that promote equality, inclusion and expressive freedom in early childhood settings.