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This research examines the roles of women in the heroic traditions of the Sangam period and their influence on male warriors. It aims to understand the emotional dichotomy in their literature.

May 15, 2026Open Access

The Heroic Traditions of Women in the Sangam Period

Key Points

This research examines the roles of women in the heroic traditions of the Sangam period and their influence on male warriors. It aims to understand the emotional dichotomy in their literature.
Analysis of Sangam literature including Tolkappiyam
Thematic exploration of 'akam' and 'puram' concepts
Interpretation of social structures surrounding warfare and gender roles
Women's roles were largely supportive, focusing on instilling heroism in their children.
The literature highlights the prominence of male pride in warfare, overshadowing female contributions.
Limited depictions of women in active war roles were noted, reinforcing gendered societal norms.

Abstract

The social structure of the Sangam period is divided based on two emotions, ‘akam’ (inner life) and ‘puram’ (outer life), and the life associated with these emotions has been depicted in their literature. The separation and sorrow experienced in the inner life, which revolves around love and desire, are categorized as ‘akam’. Earning wealth, protecting wealth, and fighting among tribal groups for wealth are considered ‘puram’. This fighting evolved into warfare over time. As far as Tamil society is concerned, they were accustomed to celebrating wars for ages. This is confirmed by Tolkappiyam and Sangam literature. Here, the pride associated with war is primarily attributed to men. The role of women in war is limited to instilling a sense of heroism in their male children.

The Heroic Traditions of Women in the Sangam Period

Key Points

Abstract

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