(CKD Epidemiology Collaboration 2021) or urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g. Survey-weighted logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to examine associations between reproductive factors and CKD, adjusting for demographic and clinical confounders. After adjustment, higher parity was associated with increased CKD odds: three to four live births (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.01-1.34) and five or more live births (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.03-1.46) compared with one to two live births. Younger age at first live birth also increased risk (≤20 years: OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.06-1.75; 21-24 years: OR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.07-1.72). In contrast, hormone replacement therapy (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.66-0.84) and oral contraceptive (OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.69-0.91) use were inversely associated with CKD. Other reproductive factors, including age at menarche, menopause, reproductive span, hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, and type of menopause, showed no significant associations. Restricted cubic spline analyses indicated nonlinear relationships for most continuous reproductive exposures, except age at menarche, which was approximately linear. These findings suggest reproductive history may influence kidney health in postmenopausal women and warrant further studies to clarify underlying mechanisms.
Wang et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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