In vitro measurement and characterization of current density profiles produced by nonrecessed, simple recessed, and radially varying recessed stimulating electrodes

Potential fields induced by nonrecessed, simple recessed, and radially varying recessed electrode designs were measured in vitro. Comparison of experimental results with theoretical analyses substantiated the experimental measurement technique and emphasized the importance of considering both nonuniform charge injection and surface electrochemistry when designing implantable stimulating electrodes. Radially varying recesses produced uniform charge injection at the electrode surface and at the aperture-tissue interface. In general, the radially varying recessed electrodes provided a combination of uniform charge injection and flexibility in design and fabrication that warrants their incorporation into all appropriate planar stimulating electrode designs.