Critical issues of m-learning: design models, adoption processes, and future trends

E-learning can be broadly defined as content designed for access through electronic communication, such as the Internet, intranets, digital versatile discs, and synchronous and asynchronous modules. M-learning carries the idea of e-learning a step further by adapting its content to handheld devices such as iPods (a digital audio and storage device from Apple Corporation), personal digital assistants, and smartphones. The main objective of m-learning is to provide the learner the ability to assimilate learning anywhere and at any time. The purpose of this article is to establish the state of m-learning in the corporate and education environments, the devices appropriate to m-learning, the advantages and disadvantages associated with m-learning, and the possible future direction of m-learning. Specifically, using the integrative literature review protocol, this article will cover, discuss, and address critical issues of m-learning including definitions, design models, caveats, adoption processes, and future trends.