ScatterNet: A convolutional neural network for cone‐beam CT intensity correction

Purpose To demonstrate a proof‐of‐concept for fast cone‐beam CT (CBCT) intensity correction in projection space by the use of deep learning. Methods The CBCT scans and corresponding projections were acquired from 30 prostate cancer patients. Reference shading correction was performed using a validated method (CBCT ), which estimates scatter and other low‐frequency deviations in the measured CBCT projections on the basis of a prior CT image obtained from warping the planning CT to the CBCT. A convolutional neural network (ScatterNet) was designed, consisting of an attenuation conversion stage followed by a shading correction stage using a UNet‐like architecture. The combined network was trained in 2D, utilizing pairs of measured and corrected projections of the reference method, in order to perform shading correction in projection space before reconstruction. The number of patients used for training, testing, and evaluation was 15, 7, and 8, respectively. The reconstructed CBCT was compared to CBCT in terms of mean and absolute errors (ME and MAE) for the eight evaluation patients (not included in the network training). Volumetric modulated arc photon therapy (VMAT) and intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans were generated on CBCT . Dose was recalculated on CBCT to evaluate its dosimetric accuracy. Single‐field uniform dose proton plans were utilized for proton range comparison of CBCT and CBCT . Results The CBCT showed no cupping artifacts and a considerably smaller MAE and ME with respect to CBCT than the uncorrected CBCT (on average 144 Hounsfield units (HU) vs 46 HU for MAE and 138 HU vs −3 HU for ME). The pass‐rates using a 2% dose‐difference criterion at 50% dose cut‐off, were close to 100% for the VMAT plans of all patients when comparing CBCT to CBCT . For IMPT plans pass‐rates were clearly lower, ranging from 15% to 81%. Proton range differences of up to 5 mm occurred. Conclusions Using a deep convolutional neural network for CBCT intensity correction was shown to be feasible in the pelvic region for the first time. Dose calculation accuracy on CBCT was high for VMAT, but unsatisfactory for IMPT. With respect to the reference technique (CBCT ), the neural network enabled a considerable increase in speed for intensity correction and might eventually allow for on‐the‐fly shading correction during CBCT acquisition.