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1) Part of this work was supported by the The etymology of design goes back to the Latin de + signare and design firm RichardsonSmith, Worthmeans making something, distinguishing it by a sign, giving it ington, Ohio, and Ohio State University, Columbus, while on sabbatical leave in significance, designating its relation to other things, owners, 1986-87 from the University of Pennsylusers, or gods. Based on this original meaning, one could say: vania, Philadelphia. design is making sense (of things).
Klaus Krippendorff (Sun,) studied this question.