Extension theory and practice: a review

This paper examines strengths and limitations of four major strategies or models in agricultural extension: linear ‘top-down’ transfer of technology; participatory ‘bottom-up’ approaches; one-to-one advice or information exchange; and formal or structured education and training. The main conclusion is that no single model or strategy is likely to be sufficient by itself. Despite criticisms of linear technology transfer models, there is still a need for access to reliable scientific information, just as there is a need to provide for active participation by farmers in research and development processes. One-to-one exchange of information and advice, whether from farmer to farmer or from professional adviser to farmer (and vice versa), will continue to be important. So too will be the lifting of levels of formal education and training among farmers. New information technologies will facilitate some forms of education, training and information exchange, but will need to be supplemented by other extension strategies.