Preferential Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Enrichment and Sphingomyelin Depletion Are Key Features of Small Dense HDL3 Particles

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to define heterogeneity in the molecular profile of lipids, including sphingomyelin and sphingosine-1-phosphate, among physicochemically-defined HDL subpopulations and potential relevance to antiatherogenic biological activities of dense HDL3. METHODS AND RESULTS: The molecular profile of lipids (cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, sphingomyelin, and sphingosine-1-phosphate) in physicochemically-defined normolipidemic HDL subpopulations was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. As HDL particle size and molecular weight decreased with increment in density, molar lipid content diminished concomitantly. On a % basis, sphingomyelin abundance diminished in parallel with progressive increase in HDL density from HDL2b (12.8%) to HDL3c (6.2%; P<0.001); in contrast, sphingosine-1-phosphate was preferentially enriched in small HDL3 (40 to 50 mmol/mol HDL) versus large HDL2 (15 to 20 mmol/mol HDL; P<0.01). Small HDL3c was equally enriched in LpA-I particles relative to LpA-I:A-II. The sphingosine-1-phosphate/sphingomyelin ratio correlated positively with the capacities of HDL subspecies to attenuate apoptosis in endothelial cells (r=0.73, P<0.001) and to retard LDL oxidation (r=0.58, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: An elevated sphingosine-1-phosphate/sphingomyelin ratio is an integral feature of small dense HDL3, reflecting enrichment in sphingosine-1-phosphate, a key antiapoptotic molecule, and depletion of sphingomyelin, a structural lipid with negative impact on surface fluidity and LCAT activity. These findings further distinguish the structure and antiatherogenic activities of small, dense HDL.