Iran and the Great Sanctions Debate

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. See "Chicken Soup Diplomacy, " National Journal, January 4, 1997, pp. 13–17 and David L. Boren and Edward J. Perkins, Preparing America's Foreign Policy for the 21 st Century (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), p. 219. 2. See Meghan L. O'Sullivan, Shrewd Sanctions: Statecraft and State Sponsors of Terrorism (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 2003). 3. For more on the normalization of U. S. –Vietnam relations, see Raymond F. Burghardt, "Old Enemies Become Friends: U. S. and Vietnam, " Brookings Northeast Asia Commentary, no. 3, November 2006, http: //www. brookings. edu/opinions/2006/11southeastasiaburghardt. aspx. 4. International Monetary Fund, "Direction of Trade Statistics, " Web site, 2009, http: //www2. imfstatistics. org/DOT/. 5. See George Lopez and David Cortright, "Containing Iraq: Sanctions Worked, " Foreign Affairs 83, no. 4 (July/August 2004): 1–14. 6. Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, Public Law 99–440, 99th Cong. , 2nd sess. (October 2, 1986), http: //actrav. itcilo. org/actrav-english/telearn/global/ilo/guide/antia. htm. 7. See O'Sullivan, Shrewd Sanctions, p. 392 and Tim Niblock, Pariah States and Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001), p. 208. 8. In 1998, after the election of President Mohammad Khatami, the Clinton administration sought to extend an opening for dialogue with Tehran through a speech by Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. See Madeleine Albright, "Remarks at 1998 Asia Society Dinner, " Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York, June 17, 1998, http: //www. aghayan. com/alb061798. htm. 9. See J. Dumbrell, "The Bush Administration, US public diplomacy and Iran" (working paper, School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, Durham, 2007). http: //dro. dur. ac. uk/4123/1/51832. pdf. 10. UN Security Council Resolution 1929, SS/9948, June 9, 2010, http: //www. un. org/News/Press/docs/2010/sc9948. doc. htm. 11. See U. S. Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control, "Iran Sanctions Summary, " Web site, http: //www. treas. gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/programs/iran/iran. shtml;Prime Minister Stephen Harper of Canada press release, Ottawa, Canada, July 26, 2010, http: //pm. gc. ca/eng/media. asp? id=3553; Prime Minister Stephen Smith of Australia, "Australia Imposes New Broad-Ranging Sanctions Against Iran, " media release, July 29, 2010, http: //www. foreignminister. gov. au/releases/2010/fa-s100729. html; and, Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010, Public Law 111-195, 111th Cong. , 1st sess. (July 1, 2010). 12. See Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, "Statement from the President on Iran, " June 20, 2009, http: //www. whitehouse. gov/theₚressₒffice/Statement-from-the-President-on-Iran/. 13. See Carola Hoyos and Javier Blas, "Total Joins Petrol Embargo of Iran as Sanctions Loom, " Financial Times, June 28, 2010. 14. See "Pakistan's PM Announces Energy Policy to Tackle Crisis, " April 22, 2010, http: //news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/southₐsia/8637454. stm. 15. Foreign Secretary Nirupama Rao of India expressed concern that the U. S. unilateral sanctions might "have a direct and adverse impact on Indian companies and more importantly on our energy security. " See Amol Sharma, "US Sanctions Could India-Iran Projects, " Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2010. 16. According to analysts, Iran has decreased its dependence on imports for refined products from 40 percent to 30 percent in the last four years. See Thomas Erdbrink and Colum Lynch, "Iran is Ready for Planned US Sanctions Targeting Fuel Imports, Analysts Say, " Washington Post, June 24, 2010, http: //www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/23/AR2010062303770. html. 17. See "Under Congressional Pressure, Albright Extends Ban on U. S. Travel to Libya, " Middle East Economic Survey XLIII, no. 49, December 3, 2000. Additional informationNotes on contributorsMeghan L. O'SullivanMeghan L. O'Sullivan is the Jeane Kirkpatrick Professor of the Practice of International Affairs at Harvard University's Kennedy School and a senior adjunct fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. She was Deputy National Security Advisor for Iraq and Afghanistan and Special Assistant to President George W. Bush from 2004–2007. She is also the author of Shrewd Sanctions (Brookings, 2003) and an editorial board member of TWQ.