Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
Journal Article A Calculus of Suffering: Pain, Professionalism, and Anesthesia in Nineteenth-Century America. By Martin S. Pernick. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985. xv + 421 pp. 35. 00. ) Get access Kenneth M. Ludmerer Kenneth M. Ludmerer Washington University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 73, Issue 2, September 1986, Pages 475–476, https: //doi. org/10. 2307/1908272 Published: 01 September 1986
Ludmerer et al. (Mon,) studied this question.