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A theoretical framework for model validation, based on the methodology originally proposed by Klemes 1985, 1986, is presented. It includes a hierarchial validation testing scheme for model application to runoff prediction in gauged and ungauged catchments subject to stationary and nonstationary climate conditions. A case study on validation and intercomparison of three different models on three catchments in Zimbabwe is described. The three models represent a lumped conceptual modeling system (NAM), a distributed physically based system (MIKE SHE), and an intermediate approach (WATBAL). It is concluded that all models performed equally well when at least 1 year's data were available for calibration, while the distributed models performed marginally better for cases where no calibration was allowed.
Refsgaard et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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