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Based on the PERMA model (Seligman, ), Oxford ( ) proposed the EMPATHICS, a wellbeing model for foreign language learning. Letters in EMPATHICS stand for di erent psychological factors, namely, emotion and empathy (E), meaning and motivation (M), perseverance (P), agency and autonomy (A), time (T), hardiness and habits of mind (H), intelligence (I), character strengths (C), and self-factors (S).
Liu et al. (Tue,) studied this question.