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Previous studies of the allocation of publication credit in collaborative research have emphasized the name ordering patterns of scientists, but have largely neglected the allocation of publication credit to non-PhD subordinates. This paper examines the withholding of authorship recognition from non-PhDs and females. Quantitative and qualitative data from the social and natural sciences suggest that publication credit is not always accorded on the basis of universalistic principles. It was also found that females may have fewer opportunities in collaborative research to contribute to the same extent as do males and that when they do, they are frequently excluded from authorship.
Alan G. Heffner (Wed,) studied this question.