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ABSTRACT The cation composition of water in the Aquia aquifer of southern Maryland changes systematically in the direction of ground‐water flow. In the upgradient parts of the aquifer, calcium is the dominant cation in solution. Between 10 and 20 miles downgradient, calcium and magnesium are dominant. Between 20 and 35 miles downgradient, magnesium and potassium are dominant, and, beyond 40 miles downgradient, sodium is the most abundant cation in solution. The exchangeable cation composition of glauconite in the Aquia aquifer changes systematically in the direction of flow in a manner similar to the changes in water chemistry. These observations are interpreted as evidence that cation exchange reactions are processes that simultaneously alter water composition and glauconite composition along the flowpath. Exchange parameters K’and n for glauconite in the Aquia aquifer were determined for the reactions: image image image The exchange parameters for each reaction were tested by an indirect method. Molar ratios of exchangeable cations or glauconite were calculated from water chemistry data using the derived k’and n values. In each case, the trend of calculated molar ratios compared favorably with measured molar ratios. The calculated exchange parameters demonstrate that the exchange process is not linear for the Ca 2+ ‐Na + and Mg 2+ ‐Na + ion pairs. The sum of exchangeable cations on glauconite samples is significantly lower in the outcrop area than downgradient. Corresponding to this, the concentration of dissolved silica and dissolved oxygen in Aquia water is high near the outcrop area and decreases downgradient. This pattern suggests that incongruent dissolution of glauconite is an additional process that modifies glauconite composition near the outcrop area but is less important downgradient.
Chapelle et al. (Sun,) studied this question.