Abnormal spatial heterogeneity governing the charge-carrier mechanism in efficient Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite solar cells

In the operando solar cell using Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite (RPP), we visualize an abnormal heterogeneity ranging from the lateral long-range to local sub-grain scale with a unitary 2D/3D hybrid, closely correlating to the charge-carrier dynamics.