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Unfortunately, we can't solve transportation problems by focusing on transportation systems alone. Rather, we must consider the combined effects with other metropolitan systems. Artificial systems, based on artificial societies and agent-modeling technology, are effective tools for this purpose. Metropolitan transportation, logistics, and ecosystems are intrinsically open, dynamic, unpredictable, and complex in their behaviors and effects. We must adopt a management and control strategy for those systems based on continuous investigation and improvement and should use computational experiments with artificial systems to overcome the difficulty of experimenting with real systems.
Wang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.