Clinical outcomes following hospitalization for COVID-19 in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis in the United States: a propensity-matched analysis from national inpatient sample database from April 2020 to December 2021

Background: The highly arrhythmogenic nature of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) leads to high morbidity and mortality, the rates of which may be higher in COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of CS patients admitted to hospitals with COVID-19. Methods: The study utilised the 2020–2021 National Inpatient Sample database, examining primary COVID-19 cases in adults aged older than or equal to 18 years. Those with CS were identified using ICD-10 code “D86.85” and compared with and without propensity matching (1:10) to those without CS for baseline characteristics and primary outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI), use of mechanical ventilation, cardiac arrest and mortality. Results: In total, 2 543 912 COVID-19 cases were identified. Before propensity matching, CS patients were more likely to be younger (58.0 vs. 64.0 years, P <0.01), male (64.0% vs. 52.6%, P =0.011), of Black ethnicity (60.0% vs. 15.9%, P <0.01), exhibit higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) scores (3.00 vs. 1.00, P <0.01) and had a higher incidence of in-hospital cardiac arrest (aOR 2.649, 95% CI 1.366–5.134, P =0.004). After propensity matching (CS, N =95; non-CS, N =875), those with CS were at a statistically significant reduced risk of AKI (aOR 0.484, P =0.01); however, the outcomes of death, cardiac arrest, mechanical ventilation, length of stay (LOS) and healthcare costs did not reach significance. Conclusion: In a propensity-matched cohort admitted with COVID-19, CS patients had a reduced risk of AKI, but comparable LOS, rates of cardiac arrest, mechanical ventilator use, and mortality. Future research is warranted to develop evidence-based guidelines for managing COVID-19 in patients with CS.