and clinical studies were included, whereas dissertations and conference abstracts were excluded.The results showed that CBD can target 5-HT1A, TRPV1-4, and PPAR-γ with minimal CB1/CB2 agonistic effects. This is consistent with the fact that CBD is effective in the treatment of epilepsy, pain, inflammation, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cancer without expressing psychoactive effects. Additionally, it was indicated that oral delivery formulations, such as long-chain triglyceride vehicles, self-nanoemulsifying systems, and polymeric/microencapsulated carriers, can improve CBD solubility and accelerate its absorption. Pulmonary delivery provides rapid absorption and is suitable for rapid symptom control, whereas intranasal formulations are suitable for nose-to-brain delivery. Transdermal systems elicit localized anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, whereas transmucosal systems can bypass first-pass metabolism. CBD shows promising therapeutic potential; however, its effects across organs depend primarily on the route of administration. All formulations can be effective, but long-term safety evaluations are necessary.
Eslam et al. (Thu,) studied this question.