In India, traditional testimonial evidence has gradually but significantly given way to scientifically motivated forensic techniques in criminal investigations. The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), which replaces the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC), represents an important turning point in procedural law by establishing forensic integration as an essential component of criminal investigations. This research article investigates the extent to which forensic science has been codified under the BNSS and compares it to the framework under the CrPC. The paper believes that BNSS aims to standardize and mandate forensic procedures, particularly in serious offenses, whereas CrPC gave few and dispersed rules pertaining to forensic evidence. However, problems such as infrastructure limits, procedural discrepancies, and constitutional issues remain. The paper uses a doctrinal research approach, analyzing statutory provisions, court decisions, and academic literature. The results indicate that while BNSS is a step in the right direction toward modernizing investigations, systemic changes are still necessary for its effective implementation. The study concludes by recommending a harmonized approach combining legal mandates, technological advancement, and institutional capacity building.
Manthan Verma (Fri,) studied this question.