Topological and symmetry broken phases ofZNparafermions in one dimension

We classify the gapped phases of ZN parafermions in one dimension and construct a representative of each phase. Even in the absence of additional symmetries besides parafermionic parity, parafermions may be realized in a variety of phases, one for each divisor n of N. The phases can be characterized by spontaneous symmetry breaking, topology, or a mixture of the two. Purely topological phases arise if n is a unitary divisor, i. e. if n and N/n are co-prime. Our analysis is based on the explicit realization of all symmetry broken gapped phases in the dual ZN-invariant quantum spin chains.