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‘Pictorial relief’ is a surface in 3D ‘pictorial space’. It is perceived in single flat pictures and clearly has nothing to do with binocular stereopsis but with the interpretation of image structure in terms of relations in the external world. Ways to perform geometrical measurements in pictorial space are presented and a number of empirical results are reviewed. Applications to the theory of optical instruments aiding human vision are discussed.
Jan J. Koenderink (Fri,) studied this question.