The modulating effect of cognitive reserve on dysfunctional beliefs in aging

This study explores the role of cognitive reserve (CR) as a protective factor in late adulthood, focusing on its associations with cognitive performance, dysfunctional beliefs, and motivational orientation. A total of 100 older adults aged 65 to 93 completed standardized assessments: the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire (DBQ). Motivation was also assessed through qualitative responses categorized into thematic domains. Correlation analyses revealed that higher CR was significantly associated with better cognitive functioning ( r = .62, p < .001) and fewer overall dysfunctional beliefs ( r = -.26, p < .05), particularly self-criticism and frustration intolerance (both r = -.40, p < .01). No significant correlations were found with catastrophizing or absolute duty beliefs. Individuals with higher CR also showed a greater tendency toward positive motivational themes (χ 2 = 7.98, p < .01), while those with lower CR more frequently reported negative motivations (χ 2 = 5.55, p < .01). Structural equation modelling supported a model in which CR predicted cognitive performance, dysfunctional beliefs, and motivational orientation, with good overall fit (CFI = .97, TLI = .90, RMSEA = .08, SRMR = .03). Notably, CR had direct positive effects on MoCA scores (β = .62, p < .001) and positive motivation (β = .31, p < .01), and negative effects on dysfunctional beliefs (β = -.26, p < .05) and negative motivation (β = -.30, p < .05). These findings support the view that cognitive reserve contributes not only to cognitive resilience but also to more adaptive motivational and emotional patterns in aging. The results highlight the role of CR in enhancing cognitive performance and reducing maladaptive beliefs, suggesting a dynamic relationship between cognitive resources, emotional-motivational functioning, and individual differences in late adulthood.