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Semi-automated reflectance readings of urinalysis dipsticks showed better precision than visual readings in the case of artificially prepared urine samples containing glucose, ketone, and protein. Actual pathological specimens containing glucose, protein, and nitrite also showed that instrumental readings were better than visual. Results of repeated visual readings spread over three different color blocks for certain concentrations of glucose, ketone, and protein, whereas repeated instrumental readings were never spread greater than two color blocks. Subjectivity can be reduced by semi-automated dipstick urinalysis.
Peele et al. (Thu,) studied this question.