Cement production is highly energy-intensive and accounts for approximately 7% of global CO 2 emissions. While low-carbon pathways—such as electrification and clinker substitution with Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs)—hold promise, robust energy management is particularly critical for electrified systems. This paper presents a multistage stochastic optimization model to schedule and operate a partially electrified Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) plant. The model co-optimizes participation in electricity markets, including both energy (day-ahead and real-time) and reserve (ancillary services) markets, under uncertainty in market prices, CO 2 intensity, grid frequency, and renewable production. It incorporates on-site renewable generation, battery storage, and a detailed representation of the plant’s distribution network with voltage constraints. Simulation results indicate that the provision of Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) is a key driver of cost savings. Process schedules are optimized based on expected day-ahead and real-time price spreads, while battery storage offers additional flexibility for arbitrage and ancillary service provision. For the simulated seasons, daily indirect CO 2 emissions range from 39.41 to 52.26 tons, while total CO 2 savings reach around 45.06%, compared to a traditional plant, with a significant portion of this reduction driven by clinker substitution. Pareto front analysis highlights a trade-off: in the summer case, the highest-cost scenario can reduce its cost by 15.9% at the expense of 5% higher emissions, and the reverse applies depending on how the multi-objective function is weighted.
Laurini et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
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