“Alright, that’s enough now, because it’s not fair”: A qualitative study on realities of intersectional inequality among adolescents from Bogotá, Colombia

Abstract Background Colombia is one of the most unequal countries in Latin America, with Bogotá exemplifying the urban concentration of structural and intersectional inequalities. Adolescents living in marginalised areas of the city face vulnerabilities due to overlapping systems of oppression, including classism, racism, sexism, and xenophobia. The COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated these disparities, heightening socioeconomic stressors and influencing developmental processes. This study aimed to explore how adolescents in two socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Bogotá experience and engage with intersectional inequality in their everyday lives, particularly in the context of the pandemic. Methods The study employed a qualitative design. Data were collected through problem-centred semi-structured interviews with adolescents and school counsellors, complemented by direct observation. Participants were recruited from two schools located in areas characterised by marginalisation and social exclusion. Interviews explored perceptions of social inequality, mental health, and the influence of COVID-19 measures. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, following a collaborative, iterative process involving multiple researchers to ensure reflexivity. National and international ethical guidelines were followed in the development of the research. Results The synthesis of 95 h of observation notes, 42 participating adolescents (aged 12–18, 57% girls), and six professionals (mainly psychologists) revealed three overarching themes: (a) perceiving inequality, wherein adolescents experience multiple, intersecting forms of social inequality, intensified by the pandemic; (b) feeling inequality, which highlights how the structural disadvantages were linked to emotional distress, reduced future expectations, and strained family dynamics; (c) becoming a social agent of change. The data showed that despite these adversities, many participants demonstrated agency by using peer support networks and creative expression to cope with social injustice. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of addressing adolescent life experiences, feelings and behavioural performance through an intersectional lens, particularly in urban contexts marked by structural disadvantage. Interventions must consider the interconnected nature of social inequalities and prioritise the voices of young people in policy and programme development. Future research should deepen the understanding of adolescent experiences of inequality and promote inclusive strategies for psychosocial support.