The History of the Monetary System of Mawarannahr and Khorezm During the Mongol Rule (13th – Early 14th Centuries)

The article analyzes the monetary system of Mawarannahr and Khorezm in the 13th and early 14th centuries under Mongol rule. The author examines the consequences of the Mongol conquest for the regional economy, the specifics of coin circulation, reforms by Masud Bek and Kebek Khan, and the roles of Khorezm and Samarkand in coin minting. The study highlights the displacement of gold, development of silver and copper coin systems, metal exchange ratios, and attempts to stabilize monetary circulation. Special attention is paid to the interplay between taxation and monetary policy during economic crises.