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According to various published process studies, efficiencies of biomass-to-liquid conversion may be expected in the range of 30−50% for chemical energy and 25−45% for carbon recovered in hydrocarbon products. Strategies for improving carbon conversion efficiency include minimizing O 2 consumption in gasification and increasing synthesis selectivities and CO 2 conversion during synthesis with hydrogen added from external sources. CO 2 conversion during Fischer−Tropsch (FT) synthesis is possible with a CO/CO 2 shift-active catalyst, if sufficient H 2 is available. A combined experimental and modeling study has shown that equilibrium and kinetic limitations involved can be decreased by means of a membrane, which allows for in situ removal of H 2 O from the catalyst bed. The results help to quantify the effects of H 2 O permeability, permselectivities, and reaction conditions and help to indicate directions for further membrane development. This paper collects yield and efficiency estimates for FT synfuel production from biomass feedstocks. Limiting factors for the heating value output are discussed, and a conceptual/experimental study is presented that addresses in situ H 2 O removal by a hydrophilic membrane, aiming at maximizing carbon efficiency.
Unruh et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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