Advancements in catalytic, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic CO2 conversion processes: Current trends and future outlook

Climate change, which is caused by increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, poses a serious threat to humanity, impacting economies, societies, and the environment. Carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect, is responsible for climate change and thus must be reduced. Carbon capture, conversion, and storage (CCUS) technology, which involves catalytic, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic conversions, is a promising method for reducing CO2 emissions and converting CO2 into valuable products. Recent advances in catalytic, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic reduction of CO2 have highlighted the potential environmental and economic benefits of these technologies. However, the practical application of these techniques is challenging and requires scientific research and engineering efforts to develop efficient materials capable of simultaneously capturing CO2 and converting it into valuable products. Therefore, this review presents a comprehensive analysis of various catalytic systems for CO2 capture and conversion. This review aims to identify the advantages and limitations of catalytic systems for CO2 capture and conversion. In addition, the identified challenges and future prospects in the application of the proposed methods are outlined. Thus, this article covers the current trends and perspectives in the field of combating climate change through efficient CO2 management.