Mortality among people who had contact with the criminal justice system during adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Young people who have contact with the criminal justice system are at increased risk of death compared to the general population. However, the evidence on this has never been systematically synthesised. This review examined the available evidence on mortality rates and associated risk factors in this population. METHODS: We searched five academic databases for cohort studies reporting deaths that occurred following criminal justice system contact before 20 years of age. We collected data on deaths due to all-causes, non-communicable disease, communicable disease, accidental injury, alcohol and other drug-related causes, suicide, and homicide. We used random effects meta-analyses to estimate pooled crude mortality rates (CMRs) and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for each cause of death, overall and by sex. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were pooled to compare mortality rates by sex. Risk factors for all-cause mortality were narratively synthesised. RESULTS: = 96%; k = 3). Mortality risk factors included being male, Black or Hispanic in the United States, increased severity of justice involvement, and repeat offending. CONCLUSION: People who have contact with the criminal justice system during adolescence have an increased risk of dying prematurely, compared to the general population.