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Abstract In this paper, factors such as key issues (e.g. emulsions), challenges (e.g. water treatment), and best practices (e.g. combination of equipment design and demulsifier to treat emulsions) associated with chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) are presented. During the application of chemical EOR floods, breakthrough of the injection chemicals such as surfactant and polymer or polymer alone periodically occurs resulting in stable emulsions. This paper was compiled from the literature to report the effects of alkali, polymers, surfactants, asphaltenes, resins, and shear rates on emulsion stability. When treated with polymer alone, the produced fluid was not very stable and resolved into two phases: oil and water. However, the water exhibited a high oily content and was difficult to treat due to the adsorption of polymer onto the surface of the oil droplets. Zeta potential measurements indicated that oil droplets were not only stabilized by steric stabilization of the polymer but also by electrostatic stabilization. The effect of polymer on emulsion stability in SP (surfactant and polymer) or ASP (alkali, surfactant, and polymer) floodings is complicated. Polymer can form a "bridge" between two oil droplets and decrease the emulsion stability; however, polymer can also enhance the emulsion stability via electrostatic and steric stabilization. Asphaltenes and resins present in the crude oil form a rigid film around water droplets, contributing to high BS0.5%) and oil concentration in the water phase (less than 50 ppm). The demulsification mechanism was also investigated in terms of elastic modulus, particle size, and interfacial tension. Application of this novel demulsifier resulted in a much more effective oil/water separations process with the production of dry oil and clean water at a pilot ASP flood that was experiencing very stable emulsions.
Nguyen et al. (Mon,) studied this question.