Space, Time and Architecture, the Growth of a New Tradition

* Introduction: Architecture of the 1960's: Hopes and Fears Part I: History A Part Of Life * Introduction * The Historian's Relation to His Age * The Demand for Continuity * Contemporary History * The Identity of Methods * Transitory and Constituent Facts * Architecture as an Organism * Procedure Part II: Our Architectural Inheritance The New Space Conception: Perspective Perspective and Urbanism * Prerequisites for the Growth of Cities * The Star-Shaped City Perspective and the Constituent Elements of the City * The Wall, the Square, and the Street * Bramante and the Open Stairway * Michelangelo and the Modeling of Outer Space * What Is the Real Significance of the Area Capitolina? Leonardo da Vinci and the Dawn of Regional Planning Sixtus V (1585-1590) and the Planning of Baroque Rome * The Medieval and the Renaissance City * Sixtus V and His Pontificate * The Master Plan * The Social Aspect The Late Baroque The Undulating Wall and the Flexible Ground Plan * Francesco Borromini, 1599-1667 * Guarino Guarini, 1624-1683 * South Germany: Vierzehnheiligen The Organization of Outer Space * The Residential Group and Nature * Single Squares * Series of Interrelated Squares Part III: The Evolution Of New Potentialities * Industrialization as a Fundamental Event Iron * Early Iron Construction in England * The Sunderland Bridge * Early Iron Construction on the Continent From the Iron Column to the Steel Frame * The Cast-Iron Column Toward the Steel Frame * James Bogardus * The St. Louis River Front * Early Skeleton Buildings * Elevators The Schism Between Architecture and Technology * Discussions *Ecole Polytechnique: the Connection between Science and Life * The Demand for a New Architecture * The Interrelations of Architecture and Engineering Henri Labrouste, Architect Constructor, 1801-1875 New Building Problems--New Solutions * Market Halls * Department Stores The Great Exhibitions * The Great Exhibition, London, 1851 * The Universal Exhibition, Paris, 1855 * Paris Exhibition of 1867 * Paris Exhibition of 1878 * Paris Exhibition of 1889 * Chicago, 1893 Gustave Eiffel and His Tower Part IV: The Demand For Morality In Architecture The Nineties: Precursors of Contemporary Architecture * Brussels the Center of Contemporary Art, 1880-1890 * Victor Horta's Contribution * Berlage's Stock Exchange and the Demand for Morality * Otto Wagner and the Viennese School Ferroconcrete and its Influence upon Architecture * A. C. Perret * Tony Gamier Part V: American Development * Europe Observes American Production * The Structure of American Industry The Balloon Frame and Industrialization * The Balloon Frame and the Building-up of the West * The Invention of the Balloon Frame * George Washington Snow, 1797-1870 * The Balloon Frame and the Windsor Chair Plane Surfaces in American Architecture * The Flexible and Informal Ground Plan The Chicago School * The Apartment House Toward Pure Forms * The Leiter Building, 1889 * The Reliance Building, 1894 * Sullivan: The Carson, Pirie, Scott Store, 1889-1906 * The Influence of the Chicago World's Fair, 1893 Frank Lloyd Wright * Wright and the American Development * The Cruciform and the Elongated Plan * Plane Surfaces and Structure * The Urge toward the Organic * Office Buildings * Influence of Frank Lloyd Wright * Frank Lloyd Wright's Late Period Part VI: Space-Time In Art, Architecture, And Construction The New Space Conception: Space-Time * Do We Need Artists? The Research Into Space: Cubism * The Artistic Means The Resarch Into Movement: Futurism Painting Today Construction and Aesthetics: Slab and Plane * The Bridges of Robert Maillart * Afterword Walter Gropius and the German Development * Germany in the Nineteenth Century * Walter Gropius * Germany after the First World War and the Bauhaus * The Bauhaus Buildings at Dessau, 1926 * Architectural Aims Walter Gropius in America * The Significance of the Post-1930 Emigration * Walter Gropius and the American Scene * Architectural Activity * Gropius as Educator * Later Development * American Embassy in Athens, 1956-1961 Le Corbusier and the Means of Architectonic Expression * The Villa Savoie, 1928-1930 * The League of Nations Competition, 1927: Contemporary Architecture Comes to the Front * Large Constructions and Architectural Aims * Social Imagination * The Unite d'Habitation, 1947-1952 * Chandigarh * Later Work * The Carpenter Center for Visual Arts, Harvard University, 1963 * Le Corbusier and His Clients * The Priory of Ste. Marie de la Tourette, 1960 * The Legacy of Le Corbusier Mies van der Rohe and the Integrity of Form * The Elements of Mies van der Rohe's Architecture * Country Houses, 1923 * The Weissenhof Housing Settlement, Stuttgart, 1927 * The Illinois Institute of Technology, 1939- * High-rise Apartments * Office Buildings * On the Integrity of Form Alvar Aalto: Irrationality and Standardization * Union between Life and Architecture * The Complementarity of the Differentiated and the Primitive * Finnish Architecture before 1930 * Aalto's First Buildings * Paimio: The Sanatorium, 1929-1933 * The Undulating Wall * Sunila: Factory and Landscape, 1937-1939 * Mairea, 1938-1939 * Organic Town Planning * Civic and Cultural Centers * Furniture in Standard Units * Aalto as Architect * The Human Side Jorn Utzon and the Third Generation * Relations to the Past * Jorn Utzon * The Horizontal Plane as a Constituent Element * The Right of Expression: The Vaults of the Sydney Opera House * Empathy with the Situation: The Zurich Theater, 1964 * Sympathy with the Anonymous Client * Imagination and Implementation The International Congresses for Modern Architecture (CIAM) and the Formation of Contemporary Architecture Part VII: City Planning In The Nineteenth Century * Early Nineteenth Century * The Rue de Rivoli of Napoleon I The Dominance of Greenery: The London Squares The Garden Squares of Bloomsbury Large-Scale Housing Development: Regent's Park The Street Becomes Dominant: The Transformation of Paris, 1853-1868 * Paris in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century * The Trois Reseaux of Eugene Haussmann * Squares, Boulevards, Gardens, and Plants * The City as a Technical Problem * Use of Modern Methods of Finance * The Basic Unit of the Street * The Scale of the Street * Haussmann's Foresight: His Influence Part VIII: City Planning As A Human Problem * The Late Nineteenth Century * Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City * Patrick Geddes and Arturo Soria y Mata * Tony Gamier's Cite Industrielle, 1901-1904 Amsterdam and the Rebirth of Town Planning * H. P. Berlage's Plans for Amsterdam South * The General Extension Plan of Amsterdam, 1934 * Interrelations of Housing and Activities of Private Life Part IX: Space-Time In City Planning * Contemporary Attitude toward Town Planning Destruction or Transformation? The New Scale in City Planning * The American Parkway in the Thirties * High-rise Buildings in Open Space * Freedom for the Pedestrian * The Civic Center: Rockefeller Center, 1931-1939 Changing Notions of the City * City and State * The City: No Longer an Enclosed Organism * Continuity and Change * The Individual and Collective Spheres * Signs of Change and of Constancy Part X: In Conclusion * On the Limits of the Organic in Architecture * Politics and Architecture * Index