A stroboscopic study of lip vibrations in a trombone

The purpose of the present study was to obtain detailed photographic sequences and lip motion data on which lip models for brass instruments may be more accurately based. The study expands upon an earlier study by Martin J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 13, 305–307 (1942) by using advanced fiber-optic stroboscopy, a real instrument mouthpiece, and by studying two dynamic levels. The trombone was selected as representative of the brass family because its relatively large mouthpiece permitted the use of an optic probe. Lip motion was observed from the front and side for six notes (Bflat2, F3, Bflat3, D4, F4, Aflat4) played at loud and soft dynamic levels. The video sequences were used to obtain information on lip opening area, lip motion perpendicular to airflow, and lip motion parallel to airflow. The data are tabulated and represented in graphic form.