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During the North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory Philippine Sea 2009 experiment, towed array receptions were made from a towed source as the two ships transited from a separation of several Convergence Zones through a Closest Point of Approach at 3 km. A combination of narrowband tones and broadband pulses were transmitted covering the frequency band 79-535 Hz. The received energy arrives from two general paths-direct path and bottom bounce. Bearing-time records of the narrowband arrivals at times show a 35° spread in the angle of arrival of the bottom bounce energy. Doppler processing of the tones shows significant frequency spread of the bottom bounce energy. Two-dimensional modeling using measured bathymetry, a geoacoustic parameterization based upon the geological record, and measured sound-speed field was performed. Inclusion of the effects of seafloor roughness and surface waves shows that in-plane scattering from rough interfaces can explain much of the observed spread in the arrivals. Evidence of out-of-plane scattering does exist, however, at short ranges. The amount of out-of-plane scattering is best observed in the broadband impulse-beam response analysis, which in-plane surface roughness modeling cannot explain.
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Kevin D. Heaney
Ocean Energy (Norway)
Richard L. Campbell
Langley Research Center
James J. Murray
Ocean Energy (Norway)
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
University of Washington
University of California, San Diego
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Heaney et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
synapsesocial.com/papers/6a04c31a684090886a2d31fe — DOI: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4818869