The VP1 protein of human enterovirus 71 self-associates via an interaction domain spanning amino acids 66–297

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Several recent outbreaks of HFMD in East Asia were associated with neurological complications and numerous deaths. In 2000, an outbreak in Singapore afflicted thousands of children, resulting in four fatal cases from whom EV71 was isolated. The virus possesses four structural proteins VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4, each of which is involved in forming the pentameric icosahedral structure of the virus. Here we report that the full-length VP1 structural protein of EV71 is capable of self-association. Dimerization of VP1 was tested using the yeast two-hybrid system, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis, in vitro coupled transcription-translation binding assays, and mammalian cell transcription-translation experiments. Dimerization of various truncated versions of the VP1 protein was also studied by mutational analysis. Systematic deletions of parts of VP1 revealed that the region spanning amino acids 66-132 of VP1 contains the major dimerization domain. However, the region between amino acids 132 and 297 was indispensable, and contributed largely to increasing the strength of the interaction. This ability of EV71 VP1 to self-associate and to participate significantly in forming the characteristic icosahedral capsid strongly enhances the pathogenicity and stability of the virus to withstand the environment of the gastrointestinal tract.