Optical mode calculation in large-area photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers

We discuss algorithms and numerical challenges in constructing and resolving spectral problems for photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) with photonic crystal layers and large (up to several tens of mm 2 ) emission areas.We show that finite difference schemes created using coarse numerical meshes provide sufficient accuracy for several major (lowest-threshold) modes of particular device designs.Our technique is applied to the example of large-area all-semiconductor PCSELs, showing how it can be used to optimize device performance.